MySQL 8.0 参考手册  / 第 6 章 安全  / 6.3 使用加密连接  / 6.3.3 创建 SSL 和 RSA 证书和密钥  /  6.3.3.1 使用 openssl 创建 SSL 证书和密钥

6.3.3.1 使用 openssl 创建 SSL 证书和密钥

本节介绍如何使用openssl 命令设置 MySQL 服务器和客户端使用的 SSL 证书和密钥文件。第一个示例显示了一个简化的过程，例如您可以从命令行使用的过程。第二个显示包含更多详细信息的脚本。前两个示例旨在用于 Unix，并且都使用作为 OpenSSL 一部分的 openssl命令。第三个示例描述了如何在 Windows 上设置 SSL 文件。

重要的

无论您使用什么方法生成证书和密钥文件，用于服务器和客户端证书/密钥的 Common Name 值都必须不同于用于 CA 证书的 Common Name 值。否则，证书和密钥文件不适用于使用 OpenSSL 编译的服务器。这种情况下的典型错误是： 

ERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error:
error:00000001:lib(0):func(0):reason(1)
示例 1：在 Unix 上从命令行创建 SSL 文件

以下示例显示了一组用于创建 MySQL 服务器和客户端证书和密钥文件的命令。您必须通过openssl命令响应多个提示。要生成测试文件，您可以在所有提示中按 Enter 键。要生成用于生产的文件，您应该提供非空响应。 

# Create clean environment
rm -rf newcerts
mkdir newcerts && cd newcerts

# Create CA certificate
openssl genrsa 2048 > ca-key.pem
openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -days 3600 \
        -key ca-key.pem -out ca.pem

# Create server certificate, remove passphrase, and sign it
# server-cert.pem = public key, server-key.pem = private key
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3600 \
        -nodes -keyout server-key.pem -out server-req.pem
openssl rsa -in server-key.pem -out server-key.pem
openssl x509 -req -in server-req.pem -days 3600 \
        -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out server-cert.pem

# Create client certificate, remove passphrase, and sign it
# client-cert.pem = public key, client-key.pem = private key
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3600 \
        -nodes -keyout client-key.pem -out client-req.pem
openssl rsa -in client-key.pem -out client-key.pem
openssl x509 -req -in client-req.pem -days 3600 \
        -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out client-cert.pem

生成证书后，验证它们： 

openssl verify -CAfile ca.pem server-cert.pem client-cert.pem

您应该看到这样的响应： 

server-cert.pem: OK
client-cert.pem: OK

现在您有一组文件，可以按如下方式使用：

  • ca.pem：使用它来设置 ssl_ca服务器端的系统变量和 --ssl-ca客户端的选项。（如果使用 CA 证书，则双方必须相同。）

  • server-cert.pem, server-key.pem: 使用这些在服务器端设置 ssl_cert和 ssl_key系统变量。

  • client-cert.pem, client-key.pem: 将这些用作 客户端 的--ssl-cert和 选项的参数。--ssl-key

有关其他使用说明，请参阅 第 6.3.1 节，“配置 MySQL 以使用加密连接”。

示例 2：在 Unix 上使用脚本创建 SSL 文件

下面是一个示例脚本，展示了如何为 MySQL 设置 SSL 证书和密钥文件。执行脚本后，使用文件进行 SSL 连接，如 第 6.3.1 节“配置 MySQL 以使用加密连接”中所述。 

DIR=`pwd`/openssl
PRIV=$DIR/private

mkdir $DIR $PRIV $DIR/newcerts
cp /usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf $DIR
replace ./demoCA $DIR -- $DIR/openssl.cnf

# Create necessary files: $database, $serial and $new_certs_dir
# directory (optional)

touch $DIR/index.txt
echo "01" > $DIR/serial

#
# Generation of Certificate Authority(CA)
#

openssl req -new -x509 -keyout $PRIV/cakey.pem -out $DIR/ca.pem \
    -days 3600 -config $DIR/openssl.cnf

# Sample output:
# Using configuration from /home/finley/openssl/openssl.cnf
# Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
# ................++++++
# .........++++++
# writing new private key to '/home/finley/openssl/private/cakey.pem'
# Enter PEM pass phrase:
# Verifying password - Enter PEM pass phrase:
# -----
# You are about to be asked to enter information that will be
# incorporated into your certificate request.
# What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name
# or a DN.
# There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
# For some fields there will be a default value,
# If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
# -----
# Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:FI
# State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:.
# Locality Name (eg, city) []:
# Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:MySQL AB
# Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
# Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:MySQL admin
# Email Address []:

#
# Create server request and key
#
openssl req -new -keyout $DIR/server-key.pem -out \
    $DIR/server-req.pem -days 3600 -config $DIR/openssl.cnf

# Sample output:
# Using configuration from /home/finley/openssl/openssl.cnf
# Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
# ..++++++
# ..........++++++
# writing new private key to '/home/finley/openssl/server-key.pem'
# Enter PEM pass phrase:
# Verifying password - Enter PEM pass phrase:
# -----
# You are about to be asked to enter information that will be
# incorporated into your certificate request.
# What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name
# or a DN.
# There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
# For some fields there will be a default value,
# If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
# -----
# Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:FI
# State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:.
# Locality Name (eg, city) []:
# Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:MySQL AB
# Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
# Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:MySQL server
# Email Address []:
#
# Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
# to be sent with your certificate request
# A challenge password []:
# An optional company name []:

#
# Remove the passphrase from the key
#
openssl rsa -in $DIR/server-key.pem -out $DIR/server-key.pem

#
# Sign server cert
#
openssl ca -cert $DIR/ca.pem -policy policy_anything \
    -out $DIR/server-cert.pem -config $DIR/openssl.cnf \
    -infiles $DIR/server-req.pem

# Sample output:
# Using configuration from /home/finley/openssl/openssl.cnf
# Enter PEM pass phrase:
# Check that the request matches the signature
# Signature ok
# The Subjects Distinguished Name is as follows
# countryName           :PRINTABLE:'FI'
# organizationName      :PRINTABLE:'MySQL AB'
# commonName            :PRINTABLE:'MySQL admin'
# Certificate is to be certified until Sep 13 14:22:46 2003 GMT
# (365 days)
# Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
#
#
# 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
# Write out database with 1 new entries
# Data Base Updated

#
# Create client request and key
#
openssl req -new -keyout $DIR/client-key.pem -out \
    $DIR/client-req.pem -days 3600 -config $DIR/openssl.cnf

# Sample output:
# Using configuration from /home/finley/openssl/openssl.cnf
# Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
# .....................................++++++
# .............................................++++++
# writing new private key to '/home/finley/openssl/client-key.pem'
# Enter PEM pass phrase:
# Verifying password - Enter PEM pass phrase:
# -----
# You are about to be asked to enter information that will be
# incorporated into your certificate request.
# What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name
# or a DN.
# There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
# For some fields there will be a default value,
# If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
# -----
# Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:FI
# State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:.
# Locality Name (eg, city) []:
# Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:MySQL AB
# Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
# Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:MySQL user
# Email Address []:
#
# Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
# to be sent with your certificate request
# A challenge password []:
# An optional company name []:

#
# Remove the passphrase from the key
#
openssl rsa -in $DIR/client-key.pem -out $DIR/client-key.pem

#
# Sign client cert
#

openssl ca -cert $DIR/ca.pem -policy policy_anything \
    -out $DIR/client-cert.pem -config $DIR/openssl.cnf \
    -infiles $DIR/client-req.pem

# Sample output:
# Using configuration from /home/finley/openssl/openssl.cnf
# Enter PEM pass phrase:
# Check that the request matches the signature
# Signature ok
# The Subjects Distinguished Name is as follows
# countryName           :PRINTABLE:'FI'
# organizationName      :PRINTABLE:'MySQL AB'
# commonName            :PRINTABLE:'MySQL user'
# Certificate is to be certified until Sep 13 16:45:17 2003 GMT
# (365 days)
# Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
#
#
# 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
# Write out database with 1 new entries
# Data Base Updated

#
# Create a my.cnf file that you can use to test the certificates
#

cat <<EOF > $DIR/my.cnf
[client]
ssl-ca=$DIR/ca.pem
ssl-cert=$DIR/client-cert.pem
ssl-key=$DIR/client-key.pem
[mysqld]
ssl_ca=$DIR/ca.pem
ssl_cert=$DIR/server-cert.pem
ssl_key=$DIR/server-key.pem
EOF
示例 3：在 Windows 上创建 SSL 文件

如果您的系统上没有安装 OpenSSL，请下载它。可以在此处查看可用软件包的概述： 

http://www.slproweb.com/products/Win32OpenSSL.html

根据您的架构（32 位或 64 位）选择 Win32 OpenSSL Light 或 Win64 OpenSSL Light 包。默认安装位置是C:\OpenSSL-Win32 或C:\OpenSSL-Win64，具体取决于您下载的包。以下说明假定默认位置为C:\OpenSSL-Win32。如果您使用的是 64 位包，请根据需要修改它。

如果安装过程中出现消息指示 '...critical component is missing: Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Redistributables'，请取消安装并下载以下软件包之一，同样取决于您的体系结构（32 位或 64 位）：

  • Visual C++ 2008 Redistributables (x86)，位于： 

    http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=9B2DA534-3E03-4391-8A4D-074B9F2BC1BF

  • Visual C++ 2008 Redistributables (x64)，位于： 

    http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=bd2a6171-e2d6-4230-b809-9a8d7548c1b6

安装附加包后，重新启动 OpenSSL 安装程序。

在安装过程中，保留默认 C:\OpenSSL-Win32安装路径，并'Copy OpenSSL DLL files to the Windows system directory'选择默认选项。

安装完成后，添加 C:\OpenSSL-Win32\bin到您服务器的 Windows 系统路径变量（根据您的 Windows 版本，以下路径设置说明可能略有不同）：

  1. 在 Windows 桌面上，右键单击“我的电脑”图标，然后选择 “属性” 。

  2. 从出现的“系统属性”菜单中 选择“高级”选项卡，然后单击“环境变量”按钮。

  3. 在System Variables下，选择 Path，然后单击 Edit按钮。应出现“编辑系统变量”对话框。

  4. 添加';C:\OpenSSL-Win32\bin'到末尾（注意分号）。

  5. 按确定 3 次。

  6. 通过打开一个新的命令控制台 ( Start>Run>cmd.exe ) 并验证 OpenSSL 是否可用， 检查 OpenSSL 是否已正确集成到 Path 变量中：

    Microsoft Windows [Version ...]
Copyright (c) 2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

C:\Windows\system32>cd \

C:\>openssl
OpenSSL> exit <<< If you see the OpenSSL prompt, installation was successful.

C:\>

安装 OpenSSL 后，使用与示例 1（本节前面所示）类似的说明，并进行以下更改：

  • 更改以下 Unix 命令： 

    # Create clean environment
rm -rf newcerts
mkdir newcerts && cd newcerts

    在 Windows 上，请改用这些命令： 

    # Create clean environment
md c:\newcerts
cd c:\newcerts

  • 当一个'\'字符显示在命令行的末尾时，'\' 必须删除该字符，并且所有命令行都在一行中输入。

生成证书和密钥文件后，要将它们用于 SSL 连接，请参阅 第 6.3.1 节，“配置 MySQL 以使用加密连接”。